Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Electoral Palatinate shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Electoral Palatinate offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Electoral Palatinate at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Electoral Palatinate? Wrong! If the Electoral Palatinate is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Electoral Palatinate then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Electoral Palatinate? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Electoral Palatinate and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Electoral Palatinate wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Electoral Palatinate then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Electoral Palatinate site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Electoral Palatinate, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Electoral Palatinate, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

Palatinate--> {{Infobox Former Country|native_name = Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein|conventional_long_name = Palatinate of the Rhine|common_name = Palatinate||continent = Europe | region = Germany | country = Germany|status = Vassal | empire = Holy Roman Empire|era = Middle Ages|government_type = Monarchy||year_start = 1085|year_end = 1803||event_start = Demotion of County
    Palatine of Lotharingia|date_start = |event1 = Golden Bull of 1356|date_event1 = 1356|event2 = Peace of Westphalia|date_event2 = 1648|event3 = Subsumption by Kingdom of Bavaria|date_event3 = 1777|event_end = Annexation by Grand Duchy of Baden|date_end = |event_post = Confederation of the Rhine|date_post = July 12 1806, the territory of the Palatinate formed part of the [Electoral Rhenish Circle, indicated in brown.];
Mannheim, from 1720|religion = [Roman Catholicism;
Calvinism, from 1559–[1095|leader2 = Conrad of Hohenstaufen|year_leader2 = 1156–1195|leader3 = Rupert I, Elector Palatine (first Prince-Elector)|year_leader3 = 1353–1390|leader4 = Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, Duke of Zweibrücken (last; died 1825)]–1803 ([Count palatine)] () — later the Electoral Palatinate () — was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire, a Palatinate (disambiguation) administered by a count palatine. Its rulers served as prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356.

Electoral Palatinate was a much larger territory than what later became known as Rhenish Palatinate (Rheinpfalz), on the west bank of the Rhine, and is now the contemporary Palatinate (region) in the Germany states of Germany of Rhineland-Palatinate. The Electoral Palatinate also included territory that lay on the east bank of the Rhine, containing the cities of Heidelberg and Mannheim.

Counts Palatine of Lotharingia, 915–1085 The Palatinate emerged from the County Palatine of Lotharingia, which came into existence in the 10th century.



House of Ezzonen During the 11th century, it was dominated by the Ezzonen dynasty, who governed several counties on both banks of the Rhine.



Counts Palatine of the Rhine, 1085–1356 From about 1085/1086, after the death of the last Ezzonian palatine count, Hermann II, Count Palatine, the Palatinate lost its military importance in Lotharingia. The territorial authority of the count palatine was reduced to his counties along the Rhine, from then on called County Palatine of the Rhine.



Hohenstaufen Counts Palatine The first hereditary Count Palatine of the Rhine was Conrad of Hohenstaufen who was the younger brother of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The territories attached to this hereditary office started from those held by the Hohenstaufens in Franconia and Rhineland (other branches of the Hohenstaufens received Swabian lands, Franche-Comté, and so forth). Much of this was from their imperial ancestors, the Franconian emperors, and a part from Conrad's maternal ancestry, the Saarbrücken. These backgrounds explain the composition of Upper and Rhenish Palatinate in the inheritance centuries onwards.



Welf Counts Palatine In 1195, the Palatinate passed to the House of Welf through the marriage of Agnes, heir to the Staufen count.

Wittelsbach Counts Palatine In the early 13th century, with the marriage of the Welf heiress Agnes, the territory fell to the House of Wittelsbach Dukes of Bavaria, who were also dukes and counts palatine of Bavaria.



During a later division of territory among the heirs of Duke Louis II, Duke of Bavaria in 1294, the elder branch of the Wittelsbachs came into possession of both the Rhenish Palatinate and the territories in the Bavarian "Nordgau" (Bavaria north of the Danube river) with the centre around the town of Amberg. As this region was politically connected to the Rhenish Palatinate, the name Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) became common from the early 16th century in contrast to the Lower Palatinate along the Rhine.



With the Treaty of Pavia (1329) in 1329, the emperor Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, a son of Louis II, returned the Palatinate to his nephews Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria and Rupert I, Elector Palatine of the Rhine.



Electors Palatine, 1356–1777 In the Golden Bull of 1356, the Palatinate was recognized as one of the secular prince-elector, and given the hereditary offices of archsteward (Erztruchseß) of the Empire and imperial vicar (Reichsverweser) of Franconia, Swabia, the Rhine, and southern Germany. From this time forth, the Count Palatine of the Rhine was usually known as the Elector Palatine (Kurfürst von der Pfalz). The position as prince-elector had already existed earlier (for example, two rival King of Germany were elected in 1257: Richard, Earl of Cornwall and Alfonso X of Castile) though it is difficult to pinpoint any exact start of that office.

Due to the practice of dividing territories among different branches of the family, by the early 16th century junior lines of the Palatine Wittelsbachs came to rule in Simmern, Kaiserslautern, and Zweibrücken in the Lower Palatinate, and in Neuburg an der Donau and Sulzbach in the Upper Palatinate. The Elector Palatine, now based in Heidelberg, adopted Lutheranism in the 1530s and Calvinism in the 1550s.

First Electorate, 1356–1648 {| class="wikitable"| colspan="4" style="background: #ccc; font-weight: bold;" | Wittelsbach dynasty|-! scope="col" | Image! scope="col" | Name! scope="col" | Date! scope="col" | Notes|-|| Rupert I, Elector Palatine| 1356–1390| [1390–1398|-| | [Rupert of Germany| 1398–1410 in [1400| [1410–1436| [1436–1449| [1449–1476| [1476–1508| [1508–1544| [1544–1556| [1556–1559| [1559–1576, the Electorate passed to [Frederick III, Elector Palatine of Palatinate-Simmern, a staunch Calvinist, and the Palatinate became one of the major centers of Calvinism in Europe, supporting Calvinist rebellions in both the Netherlands and France.]| 1576–1583| [1583–1610, founded the [Protestant Union of Protestant states in 1608.]| 1610–1623, daughter of [James I of England. In 1619, he accepted the throne of Bohemia from the Bohemian estates. He was soon defeated by the forces of Emperor Ferdinand II at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, and Spanish and Bavarian troops soon occupied the Palatinate itself. Called "the Winter King", because his reign in Bohemia only lasted one winter. In 1623, Frederick was put under the ban of the Empire.]–1648|-! scope="col" | Image! scope="col" | Name! scope="col" | Date! scope="col" | Notes|-| | Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria| 1623–1648 (d. 1651)].|}

Second Electorate, 1648–1777 {| class="wikitable"| colspan="4" style="background: #ccc; font-weight: bold;" | Restored Simmern Line|-! scope="col" | Image! scope="col" | Name! scope="col" | Date! scope="col" | Notes|-| | Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine| 1648–1680 in [1648, Charles Louis was restored to the Lower Palatinate, and given a new electoral title, also called "Elector Palatine", but lower in precedence than the other electorates.]| 1680–1685| [1685–1690, the Simmern line died out, and the Palatinate was inherited by Philip William, Count Palatine of [Palatinate-Neuburg (also Duke of Duchy of Jülich and Berg (German region)), a Catholic.|-| | Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine| 1690–1716| [1716–1742 to [Mannheim in 1720.]| 1742–1777 of Sulzbach. Charles Theodore also inherited the Electorate of [Bavaria when its ruling line became extinct in 1777.|}

Electors of Bavaria and Counts Palatine of the Rhine, 1777–1803 {| class="wikitable"| colspan="4" style="background: #ccc; font-weight: bold;" | Sulzbach Line|-! scope="col" | Image! scope="col" | Name! scope="col" | Date! scope="col" | Notes|-| | Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria| 1777–1799| [1799–1803 (d. 1825)] (on the French border), brought all the Wittelsbach territories under a single rule in 1799. The Palatinate was dissolved in the Wars of the French Revolution. First, its left bank territories were occupied, and then annexed, by France starting in 1795; then, in 1803, its right bank territories were taken by the Margrave of Baden. The Electoral Palatinate, as a distinct territory, disappeared. In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire was abolished, and all the rights and responsibilities of the electors with it.|}

Later developments In 1806, Baden was raised to a Grand duchy. At the Congress of Vienna in 1814 and 1815, the left-bank Palatinate — enlarged by other regions such as the former bishopric of Speyer — was returned to the Wittelsbachs and became a formal part of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1816 and after this time, it was this region that was principally known as the Palatinate. The area remained a part of Bavaria until after the Second World War, when it was separated and became a part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate, along with former left bank territories of Prussia and Grand Duchy of Hesse.

External links

Palatinate--> {{Infobox Former Country|native_name = Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein|conventional_long_name = Palatinate of the Rhine|common_name = Palatinate||continent = Europe | region = Germany | country = Germany|status = Vassal | empire = Holy Roman Empire|era = Middle Ages|government_type = Monarchy||year_start = 1085|year_end = 1803||event_start = Demotion of County
    Palatine of Lotharingia|date_start = |event1 = Golden Bull of 1356|date_event1 = 1356|event2 = Peace of Westphalia|date_event2 = 1648|event3 = Subsumption by Kingdom of Bavaria|date_event3 = 1777|event_end = Annexation by Grand Duchy of Baden|date_end = |event_post = Confederation of the Rhine|date_post = July 12 1806, the territory of the Palatinate formed part of the [Electoral Rhenish Circle, indicated in brown.];
Mannheim, from 1720|religion = [Roman Catholicism;
Calvinism, from 1559–[1095|leader2 = Conrad of Hohenstaufen|year_leader2 = 1156–1195|leader3 = Rupert I, Elector Palatine (first Prince-Elector)|year_leader3 = 1353–1390|leader4 = Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, Duke of Zweibrücken (last; died 1825)]–1803 ([Count palatine)] () — later the Electoral Palatinate () — was a historical territory of the Holy Roman Empire, a Palatinate (disambiguation) administered by a count palatine. Its rulers served as prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356.

Electoral Palatinate was a much larger territory than what later became known as Rhenish Palatinate (Rheinpfalz), on the west bank of the Rhine, and is now the contemporary Palatinate (region) in the Germany states of Germany of Rhineland-Palatinate. The Electoral Palatinate also included territory that lay on the east bank of the Rhine, containing the cities of Heidelberg and Mannheim.

Counts Palatine of Lotharingia, 915–1085 The Palatinate emerged from the County Palatine of Lotharingia, which came into existence in the 10th century.



House of Ezzonen During the 11th century, it was dominated by the Ezzonen dynasty, who governed several counties on both banks of the Rhine.



Counts Palatine of the Rhine, 1085–1356 From about 1085/1086, after the death of the last Ezzonian palatine count, Hermann II, Count Palatine, the Palatinate lost its military importance in Lotharingia. The territorial authority of the count palatine was reduced to his counties along the Rhine, from then on called County Palatine of the Rhine.



Hohenstaufen Counts Palatine The first hereditary Count Palatine of the Rhine was Conrad of Hohenstaufen who was the younger brother of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa. The territories attached to this hereditary office started from those held by the Hohenstaufens in Franconia and Rhineland (other branches of the Hohenstaufens received Swabian lands, Franche-Comté, and so forth). Much of this was from their imperial ancestors, the Franconian emperors, and a part from Conrad's maternal ancestry, the Saarbrücken. These backgrounds explain the composition of Upper and Rhenish Palatinate in the inheritance centuries onwards.



Welf Counts Palatine In 1195, the Palatinate passed to the House of Welf through the marriage of Agnes, heir to the Staufen count.

Wittelsbach Counts Palatine In the early 13th century, with the marriage of the Welf heiress Agnes, the territory fell to the House of Wittelsbach Dukes of Bavaria, who were also dukes and counts palatine of Bavaria.



During a later division of territory among the heirs of Duke Louis II, Duke of Bavaria in 1294, the elder branch of the Wittelsbachs came into possession of both the Rhenish Palatinate and the territories in the Bavarian "Nordgau" (Bavaria north of the Danube river) with the centre around the town of Amberg. As this region was politically connected to the Rhenish Palatinate, the name Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) became common from the early 16th century in contrast to the Lower Palatinate along the Rhine.



With the Treaty of Pavia (1329) in 1329, the emperor Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, a son of Louis II, returned the Palatinate to his nephews Rudolf II, Duke of Bavaria and Rupert I, Elector Palatine of the Rhine.



Electors Palatine, 1356–1777 In the Golden Bull of 1356, the Palatinate was recognized as one of the secular prince-elector, and given the hereditary offices of archsteward (Erztruchseß) of the Empire and imperial vicar (Reichsverweser) of Franconia, Swabia, the Rhine, and southern Germany. From this time forth, the Count Palatine of the Rhine was usually known as the Elector Palatine (Kurfürst von der Pfalz). The position as prince-elector had already existed earlier (for example, two rival King of Germany were elected in 1257: Richard, Earl of Cornwall and Alfonso X of Castile) though it is difficult to pinpoint any exact start of that office.

Due to the practice of dividing territories among different branches of the family, by the early 16th century junior lines of the Palatine Wittelsbachs came to rule in Simmern, Kaiserslautern, and Zweibrücken in the Lower Palatinate, and in Neuburg an der Donau and Sulzbach in the Upper Palatinate. The Elector Palatine, now based in Heidelberg, adopted Lutheranism in the 1530s and Calvinism in the 1550s.

First Electorate, 1356–1648 {| class="wikitable"| colspan="4" style="background: #ccc; font-weight: bold;" | Wittelsbach dynasty|-! scope="col" | Image! scope="col" | Name! scope="col" | Date! scope="col" | Notes|-|| Rupert I, Elector Palatine| 1356–1390| [1390–1398|-| | [Rupert of Germany| 1398–1410 in [1400| [1410–1436| [1436–1449| [1449–1476| [1476–1508| [1508–1544| [1544–1556| [1556–1559| [1559–1576, the Electorate passed to [Frederick III, Elector Palatine of Palatinate-Simmern, a staunch Calvinist, and the Palatinate became one of the major centers of Calvinism in Europe, supporting Calvinist rebellions in both the Netherlands and France.]| 1576–1583| [1583–1610, founded the [Protestant Union of Protestant states in 1608.]| 1610–1623, daughter of [James I of England. In 1619, he accepted the throne of Bohemia from the Bohemian estates. He was soon defeated by the forces of Emperor Ferdinand II at the Battle of White Mountain in 1620, and Spanish and Bavarian troops soon occupied the Palatinate itself. Called "the Winter King", because his reign in Bohemia only lasted one winter. In 1623, Frederick was put under the ban of the Empire.]–1648|-! scope="col" | Image! scope="col" | Name! scope="col" | Date! scope="col" | Notes|-| | Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria| 1623–1648 (d. 1651)].|}

Second Electorate, 1648–1777 {| class="wikitable"| colspan="4" style="background: #ccc; font-weight: bold;" | Restored Simmern Line|-! scope="col" | Image! scope="col" | Name! scope="col" | Date! scope="col" | Notes|-| | Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine| 1648–1680 in [1648, Charles Louis was restored to the Lower Palatinate, and given a new electoral title, also called "Elector Palatine", but lower in precedence than the other electorates.]| 1680–1685| [1685–1690, the Simmern line died out, and the Palatinate was inherited by Philip William, Count Palatine of [Palatinate-Neuburg (also Duke of Duchy of Jülich and Berg (German region)), a Catholic.|-| | Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine| 1690–1716| [1716–1742 to [Mannheim in 1720.]| 1742–1777 of Sulzbach. Charles Theodore also inherited the Electorate of [Bavaria when its ruling line became extinct in 1777.|}

Electors of Bavaria and Counts Palatine of the Rhine, 1777–1803 {| class="wikitable"| colspan="4" style="background: #ccc; font-weight: bold;" | Sulzbach Line|-! scope="col" | Image! scope="col" | Name! scope="col" | Date! scope="col" | Notes|-| | Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria| 1777–1799| [1799–1803 (d. 1825)] (on the French border), brought all the Wittelsbach territories under a single rule in 1799. The Palatinate was dissolved in the Wars of the French Revolution. First, its left bank territories were occupied, and then annexed, by France starting in 1795; then, in 1803, its right bank territories were taken by the Margrave of Baden. The Electoral Palatinate, as a distinct territory, disappeared. In 1806, the Holy Roman Empire was abolished, and all the rights and responsibilities of the electors with it.|}

Later developments In 1806, Baden was raised to a Grand duchy. At the Congress of Vienna in 1814 and 1815, the left-bank Palatinate — enlarged by other regions such as the former bishopric of Speyer — was returned to the Wittelsbachs and became a formal part of the Kingdom of Bavaria in 1816 and after this time, it was this region that was principally known as the Palatinate. The area remained a part of Bavaria until after the Second World War, when it was separated and became a part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate, along with former left bank territories of Prussia and Grand Duchy of Hesse.

External links



 

Electoral Palatinate



 
Copyright © 2008 Hintcenter.com - All rights reserved.
Home | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy
All Trademarks belong to their repective owners. Many aspects of this page are used under
commercial commons license from Yahoo!